On the occasion of the International Day of Families, celebrated on May 15, we reflect on the important role of families in shaping individuals and societies, and more particularly, in preventing extremism and terrorism. In an exclusive interview with Muhammad Murtaza, a regional connectivity, security, and violent extremism specialist, and a Project Manager at the Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies, we talk about how family structures, values, and socio-economic conditions predispose individuals to extremist ideologies. From the impacts of patriarchal norms and social exclusion to the evolving role of social media and madrasa education, this discussion shines a light on the challenges and opportunities for families to foster resilience to violence and radicalization. As Pakistan itself struggles with complex experiences of terrorism, the expert shares thought-provoking insights into ways that families, supported by national and global initiatives, can be a source of peace, tolerance, and social cohesion in an interdependent world.
What follows is the full text of the interview:
1.What is the role of the family as a social institution in preventing or reinforcing individuals’ tendency toward extremist ideologies?
Family, as the primary building unit of society, plays a pivotal role in the upbringing of individuals who later become part of the broader social fabric. It serves as the cradle of knowledge, where individuals learn behaviors by observing others throughout their lives—leaving a long-lasting impact. If a family adopts or promotes ideas rooted in extremism, these ideologies often transfer to its members and are reflected in their actions.
Geography also holds significant influence. Historically, rural areas have shown a greater tendency toward fostering extremism. In such regions, the mosque's pulpit often acts as a central source of knowledge across generations, shaping people’s mindsets and social structures. Unfortunately, these pulpits have frequently been exploited by extremist ideologies, promoting sectarian and intra-religious conflicts, which in turn have contributed to the rise of extremism.
Today, similar patterns are emerging in urban centers. However, unlike in the past, one factor now surpasses the family in influence: social media. It plays a powerful role in shaping public perception, especially among youth—and has fueled the spread of extremist ideas and growing intolerance across both rural and urban areas. In modern times, families have less control over individuals due to the widespread influence of digital platforms.
Nevertheless, the role of the family cannot be completely dismissed.
2.How can family structures—such as patriarchal authority, social exclusion, or poverty—contribute to the reproduction of violence and terrorism?
Pakistani society is dominated by a patriarchal mindset, where ultimate decisions—whether at the macro or micro level—are typically made by the dominant gender, often male. Factors such as social exclusion and poverty play a primary role in fueling violence and terrorism. People from less developed areas are more likely to be drawn toward terrorist groups; however, individuals from developed areas also become part of these networks. Terrorist groups attract individuals by offering economic incentives and by emphasizing the challenges and neglect faced by communities—neglect often attributed to stakeholders responsible for public welfare. Terrorism can broadly be classified into two categories: religiously motivated and politically motivated. Both types exploit segments of society that feel socially excluded and have fewer opportunities compared to their peers. Religiously motivated groups, however, benefit from ideological backing that often aligns with the mindset of individuals who have been influenced from an early age. In both types of terrorism, family structures play an equally significant role. Families that are open to change and prioritize education and learning tend to be less vulnerable to extremist influences. In contrast, families that foster grievances and resentment may unintentionally pave the way for individuals to seek catharsis through violence and terrorism.
3.How has religious education in Pakistan’s madrasas influenced family relationships and attitudes toward violence?
Pakistan’s madrasas have influenced the family relationship and created a social environment, that encourages violence at times. Our society is now facing repercussions of decades-long madrassa culture, that has graduated a lot full of intolerance. These graduates have zero tolerance for people with different religious beliefs. The families influenced by madrassa are more conservative and not willing to accept any change. This is one of the major factors of prevailing intolerance in our society.
4.What methods do terrorist groups use to lure and recruit individuals, especially youth? What role can families play in preventing their children from joining such groups?
Pakistan faces multifaceted challenges, among which high unemployment and the absence of meritocracy stand out. These issues have been exacerbated by the rise of the middle class since the 1990s, whose top priority has been to educate their children up to the graduation level. However, the capacity of Pakistan’s job market is significantly lower than the number of graduates it produces. Skilled or vocational education is often viewed as incompatible with social status, which has further complicated the issue. As a result, many young people—without clear direction or viable opportunities—become vulnerable to extremist groups that lure them with promises far beyond their expectations, often through economic incentives. Additionally, the nexus between crime and terrorism also plays a role, as young minds are increasingly pulled into various criminal or militant networks.
5.What national and international measures should be taken to reduce the negative impacts of terrorism on families? What specific role can Pakistan play in this regard?
The foremost responsibility of families is to provide proper counseling to help individuals overcome the trauma caused by terrorism. This emotional support is crucial in the healing process and in preventing further radicalization. Secondly, creating a conducive environment for growth—where individuals can interact with others and be reintegrated into society—is essential. This not only helps them rebuild their lives but also promotes social cohesion. As a victim of terrorism itself, Pakistan has valuable insights to offer to the international community. The country’s experience in dealing with extremism can guide global efforts in combating radical ideologies. Moreover, civil society and practitioners play a pivotal role in shaping policies that prioritize mental health, education, and social integration, addressing both the root causes and symptoms of extremism. By sharing its lessons and collaborating internationally, Pakistan can contribute to creating a more peaceful and inclusive world.